Njenge- hutspot yayo edumile, i-cuisine yesimanje yaseNetherlands iyinhlangano ye-hodgepodge yamathonya omdabu nakwamanye amazwe, okunye ukucatshangelwa kwakamuva mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwesizwe kanye nezinye ezibuyela emuva eminyaka eyizinkulungwane.
Izithonya Zokuqala
Awaziwa kancane ngezakhamuzi zangaphambi kobuKristu baseNetherlands, kepha ithonya labo ekudleni kwaseDashi lingase likhuthaze kuze kube yilolu suku njengezinkwa zokugubha njengesibiliki; izinkwa ezibokiwe kanye namakhukhi afana ne- krakelingen ; kanye nama-Dutch Easter aphathekayo , imihlobiso nemikhosi, imvelaphi yayo engase ilandelwe emuva eminikelweni yomhlatshelo kanye nemikhosi yenkolo yasendulo yesifunda.
Ithonya lama-Roman culinary practices lazizwa isikhathi eside ngemva kokuncipha koMbuso WaseRoma: ukunambitheka kwamaphunga okunambitheka futhi okubabayo kubonisa ekuphekeni kwamaRoma ngokusebenzisa izinongo ezifana nosawoti omnyama nomhlophe, amakhambi kanye nosawoti oludakayo usawoti noma i- garum (efanayo I-Vietnamese nuoc mam ).
Ukuhweba kwasekuqaleni kwama-asili ase-Asia kwandisa i-palate ephakathi yaseDutch. Ukuthengiswa kwempahla kwakuthunyelwa umhlaba nge-Asia kuya emagcekeni aseLevantine aseMedithera lapho imikhumbi yaseVeneen eya khona e-Italy. Ukusuka lapho kwakuthengiswa ngasenyakatho emifuleni nasemigwaqweni yomhlaba, futhi kwashintshaniswa emikhonweni yaseFrance emikhiqizweni yaseNyakatho Yurophu, njengendwangu yeboya nemithi.
Izinongo ezazithengiswa zazibandakanya kokubili ezaziwa futhi ezithokozisa esikhathini esidala, njenge-pepper, i-ginger, i-cardamom ne-safari, kanye nezintandokazi zakamuva, njenge-sinamoni, i-nutmeg, i-mace, i-clove ne-galangal. Lezi zinongo ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi zenziwa ngendlela enhle enkantolo futhi zihamba ngezindlovu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezindleko zabo eziphezulu, okwenziwe ngesimo somninindlu nodumo.
Okufanayo kungashiwo ngomunye umkhiqizo ovela eMpumalanga owathola indlela eya eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngokusebenzisa iMpi Yenkolo: ushukela lomhlanga. I-Sugar yayigugu kakhulu kunezinyosi (khona-ke i-sweetener yendawo yonke), futhi, njengezinongo eziningi, itholakale kuphela kubantu abakhulu.
Ukufunda izindlela zokupheka zasendulo, kuyacaca ukuthi ezinye izitsha nezithako esingazibiza manje njengeMedithera noma iAsia sezivele ziyaziwa ngabapheki abasebenza emakhishini eDutch castle ngekhulu le-15 nele-16, ngaphambi kokuba izitsha eziningi nezithako zibhekwe "ngokujwayelekile ngesiDashi." Imibhalo yokuqala ye-culinary eyaziwa yizipheki ezisebenza emakhishini asekhaya lase-Yurophu yayikopishwa kakhulu ngekhulu le-14 nele-15, ngakho ukupheka kwe-Italy neFulentshi kwangena ekhishini laseDutch ekuqaleni.
I-cookbook yokuqala ephrintiwe eNetherlands yanyatheliswa nguThomas van der Noot eBrussels ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen ("Incwadi ephawulekayo yokupheka") cishe ngo-1514. Lezi zokupheka zibonisa ukuthi ukudla kwaseDutch kwakuthonywa kakhulu yiFulentshi, Ukupheka ngesiNgisi nangesiJalimane, okuphinde kwathonyana.
Ukungenisa okudliwayo
Izitshalo eziningi esithandayo namuhla zazitholwa kuphela ngekhulu le-16. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ama-lentils kuphela, ama-chickpeas nobhontshisi obubanzi babedla eYurophu. Amazambane, okwamanje abonakala njengengxenye ebalulekile yokupheka kweDutch, athengiswa kuphela ngemva kokutholakala kweMelika, futhi akazange abe ukudla kwabantu ngaphambi kwekhulu le-18. Ngekhulu le-17, izindlu zaseNetherlands nezindlu zasendlini zazidume ngezidakamizwa zabo, lapho izithelo ezicebile zevithamini-C, ezifana nama-lemons nama-oranges, kanye nezinye izithelo ezingavamile nezihlahla zanda. Lezi okuthiwa "ama-orangeries" zaziyizimbangela zokugcina izithombo zanamuhla.
Nakuba ubhiya kwakuyisiphuzo somuntu ovamile, iwayini laliyisiphuzo esithandekayo ekhulwini le-16. Izinto eziningi zazingeniswa kusukela eFrance naseJalimane, kodwa kwakukhona nezokungcebeleka zendawo eNetherlands ngalesi sikhathi. Iwayini le-Rhine ne-Mosel lalidume kakhulu ne-elite, kanye newayini elimnandi, elaziwa ngokuthi i- Bastart (efana newayini le-Marsala).
I-Dutch East India Company (i- Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie noma i-VOC eDutch), yasungulwa ngo-1602 futhi yaba neqhaza ekudaleni umbuso wase-Netherlands onamandla waseMpumalanga ngekhulu le-17. Njengoba inhloko-dolobha yayo edolobheni laseBatavia (manje eseJakarta, e-Indonesia) kanye nezithakazelo zokuhweba eNdiya, eSatatra, eBorneo naseJava, i-VOC ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizwe lokuqala emhlabeni wonke futhi yinkampani yokuqala yokukhipha isitoko. Ukuhweba okuyinhloko okudliwayo kwenhlangano yokuhweba kwakunamakhompiyutha amaningi esitolo samakhabethe ase-Dutch njengamanje, njenge-pepper, isinamoni, ama-clove, itiye, irayisi, ikhofi , i-nutmeg nama-mace. Nakuba eziningi zalezi zinongo zase zithandeka kakhulu eNetherlands, zazingabizi kakhulu futhi zahlala zize zaze zaba yilapho inkampani yaseDutch East India iqala ukubuyisela imithwalo yemikhumbi yezinhlanzi, ibeka phakathi kwabantu abavamile baseDutch.
Izindlu zokuqala zekhofi zaseDutch zavulwa ngo-1663 eThe Hague nase-Amsterdam. Ngo-1696, inani eliphezulu lekhofi lenze i-VOC ukuba ikhule ikhofi yayo eJava. Ngekhulu le-18, itiye, ikhofi kanye noshokoledi eshisayo kwakuyiziphuzo ezifashisayo zosuku, zidunyiswa ngenxa yazo okuthiwa "izindawo zokwelapha." Kuphela abakwa-elite abangakwazi ukuyikhokhela, noma kunjalo. Kwasithatha isikhashana ngaphambi kokuba wonke umuntu athole izimpahla zokunethezeka.
I-VOC yachithwa ngo-1799, kodwa yashiya ifa elihlala njalo ekhishini laseDutch. Ukudla okudumile okuningi kweNetherlands kwenziwa ngezinongo ezijwayelekile ze-VOC: amasokisi omisiwe wendabuko afana nama-metworst, amachizi agcwele ama-clove kanye ne-cumin kanye nama-cookie ethandwa kakhulu kuzwelonke, kufaka phakathi ama-speculaas, kruidnoten , pepernoten , jan hagel , stroopwafels kanye ne- taai-taai .
Ukupheka kobuKoloni
Ngamakholomu kanye nezindawo zase-Afrika, e-Asia, eNyakatho Melika naseCaribbean, iNetherlands yayisengamandla amakhulu ekoloni. Iziqhingi zaseSpice zazibhekwa njengezigqoko emqhele wesikolo sakhe kanti amaDashi alamukela ukudla kwe-Indonesian hhayi kuphela emakoloni, kodwa futhi ekhaya. I- rijsttafel yase-Indonesian (ngokwezwi nezwi, "itafula lelayisi") yayiyi-Dutch, eyayihlanganisa amasiko ekhishi elithile lesifunda ibe ukudla okugubha okwakungenzeka, mhlawumbe, "imenyu yokunambitheka" yamapuleti amancane, kanye nelayisi nama- sambal aqoshiwe . Manje, i-Dutch ibheka ukudla kwase-Indonesian ukuthi ibe cishe yendabuko futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izothatha izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe endaweni yokudlela yase-Indonesia uma zijabulisa. Ukudla okunjengama-mang goreng, i- babi ketjap ne- satay yizinto eziyinhloko emakhaya amaningi anamuhla aseDutch, kuyilapho i-bamischijf (ukudla okujulile okuthosiwe kwama-noodle e-bread crumb crust) kanye ne-patat sate (ama-fries aseDutch ne-satay sauce) yizibonelo ezinhle ze-Indo-Dutch ukudla kwe-fusion.
Mhlawumbe ngokumangalisa ukuthi ama-coloni aseDutch aseSuriname nase-Antilles aseNetherlands azange abe nethonya elikhulu ekuphekeni kweDutch naphezu kwalokho, naphezu kwesicelo sabo esicacile sokushisa. Abanye bathi abafuduki baseSurinamese nabase-Antillean baye bahlala bepheka kakhulu ukupheka kwabo, ngenxa yomphumela wokuthi awuzange ube nokugxila kabanzi njenge-Indonesian, Turkish noma yaseMorocco.
Namuhla, ungathola i-Surinamese sandwich shop kanye ne- toko (i-immigrant store) ethengisa ukudla kwase-Surinamese nase-Antillean nokudla okulula, kuyilapho i-ginger beer kanye nezitshalo ziqala ukungena emashelweni esitolo.
I-Flavors of Turkey ne-Morocco
Izisebenzi zezithunywa zevangeli ezivela eTurkey naseMorocco zafika eNetherlands engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu leminyaka edlule. Njengoba benza ikhaya elihlala njalo eNetherlands, abaningi bavula izitolo zezingqimba nezitolo zokudlela. Eqinisweni, ukudla okuningi kweTurkey naseMorocco eNetherlands kuye kwaba usizo kakhulu ekufundeni amaDashi ngezokudla ngesiTurkey naseMorocco. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kulula ukuthenga zonke izithako ezitolo ezincane ezingaphandle kwezwe, Hollanders ziye zaqala ukuzama izandla kwezinye zokupheka zaseTurkey naseMorocco ekhaya. Izitsha ezifana ne-couscous, hummus kanye ne- tajines seziye zaba yinto engavamile kwansuku zonke emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. I-pizza yaseTurkey, i-kofte, i-kebabs ne-pita yindlela yokudla emigwaqweni ethandwayo kanye nabapheki baseDutch basebenzisa ama-sausage kaMorocca , ama-dates, ama- harissa okunamathiselwe , i-Turkish bulghur kakolweni , amapomegranati nesinkwa ngezindlela ezintsha ezithakazelisayo.
Ifa leDutch
I-Netherlands nayo ishiye uphawu lwazo kuma-coloni kanye nezindawo zangaphambili. I- oliebol , eyathunyelwa eNew World ngabahlali bokuqala baseDashi, mhlawumbe yavela ku-donut. ENingizimu Afrika, i- oliebol iyinhloko ye- koeksusters ne- vetkoek . Ngokuphambene nesisho esithi, " Njengomdabu waseMelika njenge-apula pie," amaDashi ayewabhaka kusukela ngaphambi kokuba iU.SA ikhona, futhi mhlawumbe wathatha iresiphi yabo yaseDutch yama-pie ne-New World. Abahlali baseDutch nabo bavame ukwandisa i-pancake e-USA naseNingizimu Afrika, futhi banikeza lo mkhiqizo othandekayo ubisi kanye ne- soetkoekies (okufana ne- colase cookies). AmaDashi nawo azethule i-cookie eNyakatho Melika, futhi ngisho nezwi elithi cookie lidinga i-etymology layo ngegama lesiDashi elithi koekje .
Imithombo: Izinongo nama-Comfits: Amaphepha Aqoqwe Ekudleni Okuphakathi kukaJohanna Maria van Winter ( Prospect Books, 2007); I-Brood- en gebakvormen en hunne beteekenis ku-folklore ( " Isinkwa- nama-pastry shapes kanye nencazelo yawo kumbuthano ") nguJH Nannings (Interbook International, 1974); Kastelenkookboek ("Castle Cookbook") nguRobbie dell 'Aira (Uitgeverij Kunstmag, 2011); I-Koks neKeukenmeiden (" Abapheki namaKhishi ") nguJan Van Dam noJ. Witteveen (uNijgh noVanmarmar, 1996); I-Geskiedenis van Boerekos ("Umlando we-Boer Kitchen") nguHW Claassens (Protea Boekhuis, 2006).