Ukubhaka isinkwa saseJalimane

Lapho umuntu eqala ukupheka isinkwa, bajabule nje ukuze bazuze umkhiqizo odlayo. Kamuva emsebenzini wabo wokupheka isinkwa, bafuna ukubhaka isinkwa njengalabo abakwenzayo ebhodini. Futhi uma beye eYurophu, bafuna ngempela ukukwazi ukuphinda isinkwa sesitayela saseYurophu.

Ukupheka Isinkwa SaseYurophu Isinkwa

Ukuphinda isinkwa sesitayela saseYurophu bekulokhu kunzima kumkhandi wekhaya, kodwa njengoba ulwazi lokubhaka kwezobuciko nobuchwepheshe luyatholakala kakhulu kwi-intanethi nasezincwadini zokubhaka ezithandwayo, amathuluzi nezithako nazo zitholakala kabanzi.

Isibonelo, kunokuba kube nemifino emithathu ehlukene esitolo (okumhlophe, ukolweni kanye nekhekhe), manje sinokuningi okunye okufanele sikhethe. Kuye kwenzelwa ukuphindaphinda ama-crusts ehhavini lasekhaya futhi ukwandisa amafomula ama-bakers ukuze asebenze esimweni somndeni.

Noma kunjalo, ukulandela iresiphi yaseJalimane noma yaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi ngolimi lokuqala, kubangela izingqinamba. Esinye sezivimbela ezinkulu zokubuyisela isinkwa esidliwe eYurophu yilapho ukuthola khona izithako ezifana kakhulu nezokuqala.

Ukuvuthwa Kanjani

Isiqu, isibonelo, isithako esihlukahluka kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi sakhula kuphi, ukuthi sasiphansi kanjani futhi siphathwa kanjani ngisho nasesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sokukhula. Izitshalo zemifino zithinta lokhu lapho zikhiqiza umkhiqizo wazo, kodwa inhlanganisela ngqo yekolweni nezindlela zokugaya kanye nezimo zisabhekwa njengezimfihlo zezebhizinisi. Yingakho, ngenkathi ungase usebenzise noma yikuphi ufulawa wonke wenjongo ukuthola iresiphi, uzothola imiphumela emihle kakhulu uma usebenzisa umkhiqizo ofanayo kanye nohlobo lwefulawa olufunwa ku-iresiphi noma ngompheki.

Kunamakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo ukolweni ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ufulawa. Zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngesikhathi sokutshala (ebusika noma entwasahlobo) nokuthi ngabe zingamaprotheni aphakeme noma aphansi (amaprotheni aqinile - aphezulu noma amaprotheni aphansi), okukhombisa amazinga aphezulu enhlobonhlobo.

Imifucumfucu emhlophe igcwele imifino eluhlaza futhi ekhuni ehlukaniswa ibe yimifudlana ngokusebenzisa ukuhlunga.

Imifudlana iphindwe kabusha ukuze idale imifino ngezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlunga kokuqala kususa inqwaba yamagesi kanye negciwane bese kushiya "ufulawa oqondile" noma "ufulawa owedlule we-100%". I-middlings isuswe futhi isetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukudla kokudla kwezilwane, kodwa ingabuye ifakwe emuva kamuva ukuze ifinyelele umkhiqizo wonke ukakolweni.

Izitshalo ezigcwele ukolweni zivame ukwenziwa ngokufaka imifudlana ehlukahlukene yefulawa bese uphinde uphinde uphinde uphinde uphinde uhlume amagesi namagciwane. Lokhu kwandisa impilo yeshalofu futhi kubangele umkhiqizo ofanayo. Abanye abantu bathanda ukugaya ukolweni wabo kanye ne-rye ngaphambi nje kokubhaka futhi kungekho ukuhlunga okwenzekayo. Ufulawa uhlanzekile futhi uziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kunefulawa ovuthiwe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunomsoco.

• Funda incazelo ejulile yokugaya ufulawa yiNorth American Millers 'Association.
• Buka ividiyo emfushane (iminithi elingu-10) yegayi lokugcoba ekuboniseni izinyathelo ezihlukene enqubo yokugaya.
• Funda isihloko emlandweni wokugaya.
• Le vidiyo ikhombisa indlela umshini wetshe osebenza ngesandla (i-quern rotary) esebenza ngayo.

Ufulawa oqondile uhlungwa "ufulawa lobunikazi" (uphethiloli omhlophe ophezulu), ushiye "ufulawa wokuqala ocacile", oqukethe amagciwane asele kanye ne-bran futhi umbala ogqamile kunomfula u-patent.

Amakhulu emifudlana angatholakala kunqubo ngayinye yokugaya bese ehlanganiswa ukuze enze amaflethi afanele okhethweni lokubhaka kanye nezindawo zendawo. Ezinye izigayo zefulawa zenza ufulawa olufanayo uma uthengwa lonke leli zwe. Amabhizinisi afana ne-King Arthur Flour neGold Medal Flour amabili kuwo. Amanye ama-brand aphezulu kakhulu futhi akhiqizwa ngemikhuba yokubhaka yendawo engqondweni. Enyakatho ye-US, isibonelo, ufulawa wendawo cishe cishe ufulawa ophansi weprotheyini ama-biscuits namaqebelengwane amahle.

Izinhlobo ze-Flour

Ama-pastry nama- cake flours abhekene nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwamaprotheni (i-gluten ephansi) ebangela ukuthungwa okunamandla okukhethwa ngamaqebelengwane, ama- crusts nama-biscuits. Lezi zilingana ngokulingana nofulawa waseJalimane u-405, uFulentshi u-40 ufulawa kanye no-00 ufulawa wase-Italy.

Ufulawa owenzelwe yonke into kungenziwa ukwenza isinkwa esimhlophe futhi kuhle kumaqebelengwane agwetshiwe.

Okulingana nalo yiJalimane 550, isiFulentshi 55 nesiNtaliyane. Lokhu kufinyelela kusukela kumehluko encane phakathi kokuthi ufulawa usuke uphelele kangakanani futhi "iresiphi" noma ukubunjwa kwefulawa ngamunye kusuka ezigayini ezahlukene. Kungcono ukuzama izinhlobonhlobo ze-recipe efanayo bese uqhubeka uthenga okukunikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu.

I-gluten ephakeme kakhulu noma ufulawa wesinkwa ufulawa omhlophe nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aphezulu, asetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukwelula emgqeni omhlophe kanye nofulawa ohlangene. Ukulingana kwalo kubhekwa ukuthi yiJalimane u-812 ufulawa, ufulawa lwesiFulentshi u-80, nofulawa o-1 u-Italy.

Rye Flour for Isinkwa

I-Germany ingenye yamazwe ambalwa asebenzisa ufulawa we-rye kakhulu. I-Rye yabuyiselwa e-Asia ngezikhathi zangaphambili futhi yakhula kakhulu phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi njengenhlamvu yesinkwa nesiphuzo sokuphuza utshwala. Ikhula enhlabathini empofu, enhlabathini futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezixubene, ngenkathi ukolweni ukhula kahle esimweni esishisayo esifudumele, ngakho-ke naphezu kokuvunwa okuncane kunokolweni, kwakuyizinhlamvu ezikhethwa ezindaweni ezibandayo.

Kukhona ukucabangela ukuthi i-rye yayingatholakali eFrance nase-Italy njengoba ufulawa wekolweni wanda kakhulu ngenxa yokusabalalisa i-ergot ( Claviceps purpurea , i-fungus) ngo- rye okusanhlamvu . Ngenkathi i-ergot ingathinta ukolweni nezinye izitshalo zokusanhlamvu , ikhetha rye njenge-host host. Ibuye ikhule kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezipholile nezimanzi, lapho ukolweni ukhona. Uma okusanhlamvu sekutheleleke kakhulu nge-ergot futhi kungahlanjululwa ngaphambi kokugaya ufulawa, abantu, nemfuyo ingaba nobuthi futhi ife (ngaphezulu emlandweni we-ergot lapha).

IJalimane, i-Poland, namanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu incike ekutheni izitshalo ze-rye zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathandeki futhi izinyathelo zithathwe ukunciphisa noma ngisho nokuqeda ukukhunta okusanhlamvu. Izinyathelo zihlanganisa ukuhlanza imbewu nokusebenzisa fungicides ehlukahlukene.

Amaqebelengwane kafulawa we-Rye asenziwa futhi adliwe ngenxa yendabuko, ukunambitheka futhi ngoba i-rye inezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo. Ngo-2010, abacwaningi baseLund, eSweden bakhicilela ucwaningo olubonisa ukuthi ngisho nofulawa we-rye okhanyayo (ngaphandle kwe-bran) kuhle kumazinga ashukela egazini lakho.

Igatsha linamaminerali abalulekile namavithamini.

Rye Flour Chemistry

Ufulawa we-Rye ungaba nzima ukusebenzelana ngoba ushukela (ama-carbohydrates) okuthiwa i-pentoses (xylose, arabinose) anciphisa ikhono lamaphrotheni e-gluten ukwakha izindawo ezingenalutho ezingasiza ukugibela igesi ngesinkwa, kodwa zibophezele ekubambeni amanzi nokwakha I-"scaffold" encane. Izinqama kufulawa kusiza lokhu kukhwabanisa kubambe ndawonye futhi kwakha isinkwa esingapheli.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba lezi zitshalo zingadliwa ezinqoleni ezincane nge-alpha-amylases (uhlobo lwe-enzyme) olunganciphisa ikhono labo lokuxhumana nama-pentose, i-pH ephansi isetshenzisiwe (sourdough) ukuvimbela i-amylase. (Bheka futhi lokhu kungena ku- "Sauerteig".)

Konke lokhu kusebenzisana kwenza isisindo sezinkwa zesinkwa se-rye sinamandla kunaleyo yezinkwa zikakolweni. Ngokuvamile, i-rye isetshenziselwa ufulawa wekolweni ukwenza lokho amaJalimane abize ngokuthi "Mischbrot".

Isamba sokuqukethwe kwe-Ash ne-Extraction

Izinombolo ezisemaphaketheni e-ufulawa waseJalimane zimelela ama-milligrams omlotha esisele nge-100 amagremu ufulawa ushiswa esithandweni somlilo e-900 ° C. Ukuphakama kokuqukethwe komlotha, i-bran eningi ishiywe kufulawa futhi kuseduze ukuba ufulawa wonke ukolweni. Okuqukethwe komlotha kuqhathaniswa nalo kodwa akumeli ngokuphelele izinga lokukhipha. Izinkampani eziningi zase-US zenqaba ukunikeza le nombolo (i-Gold Medal Flour, ukuxhumana kwe-imeyli) kodwa uthembisa umkhiqizo oqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

• Okuningi kokuqukethwe komlotha lapha.

Izinga lokutshala lichaza izinga lokuhlukaniswa kwegatsha kusukela e-endosperm futhi lilinganiselwa ngamaphesenti. Isilinganiso se-100% sokukhipha noma ufulawa oluqondile ngokulinganayo akufani nokufulawa okusanhlamvu ophelele. Kungukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwe-endosperm kusuka kuningi le-bran ne-germ. Ufulawa olungama-72 wamakhilogremu otholile utholakala ngamakhilogremu angu-100 kakolweni. Eminye yonke i-middlings, eyondliwa izilwane noma i-reground yemikhiqizo enokolweni.

Ukunciphisa amaphesenti wezinga lokukhipha, ukucwilisa ufulawa. Kokubili izinga lokukhipha kanye nokuqukethwe komlotha kusiza umbheki ochwepheshe ukuthi anqume ukuthi ingakanani amanzi, imvubelo, isikhathi nezinye izithako okufanele usebenzise nofulawa ukufezekisa umkhiqizo wokuphela oqondile. Ngokuqondene nabapheki bekhaya, kumelwe sincike ekuhloleni nasephutha futhi sicabange ukuthi ukugaya ufulawa kuzokwenza umkhiqizo ufanane, kusukela ku-batch ukuya ku-batch.

Izimbali ezihlanjululwayo nezithuthukisiwe

Umfula uqukethe i-carotenoids ephuzi. Ukubhikisha kwenza ufulawa mhlophe. Iphinde ixoshe ubuso bomfula, osiza ekuthuthukisweni kwe-gluten. Lokhu kubangela umkhiqizo ophekiwe ophuzile. Izisebenzi zokukhula nazo zenezelwe ekwandiseni intuthuko ye-gluten. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngokwakho, kodwa ukwengeza lezi zithunywa zikhawuleza inqubo.

Nge-bleaching yokufakelwa kanye nokukhula nokukhishwa kwegaman ne-germ, amavithamini amaningi alahlekile. Lezi zincenye ithathelwe indawo ngokufaka ufulawa ngokuqondile ngamabhithamini nensimbi. Ngezinye izikhathi i-calcium ingeziwe (bheka imithetho ye-FDA lapha).

Incazelo ye "Mischbrot"

"I-Mischbrot" (isiliva esixubileyo) siyabizwa nangokuthi "iGraubrot" (isinkwa esibucayi) eningizimu yeJalimane noma "iSchwarzbrot" e-Austria naseSwitzerland. Ichazwa njengesinkwa esenziwe nge-sourdough noma imvubelo kanye nengxube yekolweni nama-rye flours. Eziningi, uma kungenjalo, izinkwa eJalimane ziyizo "Mischbrote" ngokuqondile.

• "I-Roggenmischbrot", noma i-rye ehlangene isinkwa, iqukethe ufulawa we-rye ka-51 - 89%.
• Isinkwa esihlanganisiwe se-"Weizenmischbrot", sine-51 - 89% ufulawa wekolweni.
• "I-Mischbrot", noma isinkwa esixubene, ingxube ka-50 - 50% yengqolowa namagundane.

Njengoba inani lefulawa ka-rye isinkwa isinkwa, isikhathi eside isinkwa sihlala sisanda futhi siba namandla ngokwengeziwe. Uma ufulawa okhulula ukolweni, isisindo saphezulu sikhuphuka futhi "esiyinkimbinkimbi" esithandayo.

Kukhona nesinkwa se-rye esithandwayo esibizwa nge-pumpernickel, eyayiyisipesheli se-West Phalian (i-Osnabruck nendawo ezungezile). Iqukethe amajikijolo e-cracked and whole rye agxila ngobusuku obushushu emanzini ashisayo, bese ephakanyiswa emkhunjini ovaliwe futhi agwetshwe amahora angu-16 kuya kwangu-24. Ukukhiqizwa kwamanje kuye kwehlisa lesi sikhathi emahoreni angu-12 ngokungeza imvubelo noma u-sourdough engxenyeni ukuze kusize ukushisa kungene phakathi kwenhlama encane ngokukhuphuka. I-beet isiraphu ivame futhi yengezwe, kodwa ukunambitheka nephunga kuvela ku-caramelization nokuphendula kwe-Maillard ngesikhathi sokubhaka. Ingagcinwa izinyanga eziningana iminyaka eminingana futhi isetshenziselwa ama-Middle Ages njengemiklomelo ephuthumayo.

Ithebula lama-Rye Flour Types kanye ne-European Approximations

• I-Fresh Loaf
• INkosi Arthur Flour
• I-Artisan
• Isinkwa seBread Bakers of America
• Imifino kanye Nemikhiqizo Yokudla kusuka ku-Historic Mills
• I-Flour Bolting ne-Sifting
• Izithombe zeMishini yokuKwakha iMishini
• I-North American Millers 'Association
• I-Red Mill Mill