Ubhiya luye lwavulwa iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, kodwa hhayi njengoba siyazi. Ngo-500 AD, amaJalimane ayephuza ubhiya omncane owenziwe ngama-oats futhi ngezinye izikhathi uju. Ukubamba, njengokudla isinkwa, kwakuwumsebenzi wesifazane.
Amakhompi Aphuza Ubhiya
Emakhulwini eminyaka embalwa kamuva, ubuKrestu bebuqilile khulu enyakatho yeYurophu. Amakholi aqala ukuphuza ubhiya, okokuqala wona futhi kamuva athengise. Babesebenalo "iKlosterschenken," eyanika ubhiya wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwezindleko.
Amakholi ahamba kahle kakhulu ekuphuzeni ubhiya, okungcono kakhulu kunezinto ezizenzekelayo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi bangasebenzisa isikhathi esiningi kwezobuciko babo kunokuba abendlukazi bangakwazi futhi ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zezindela zaziyizikhungo zemfundo nezesayensi eYurophu.
Amakhulu Ezindela ZaseMonaster Wayesebenzela Ubhiya
Ngekhulu le-12/13, amakhulu amakhompeli ayephuza ubhiya. Baze bavunyelwa ukuqhubeka nokuphuza ngesikhathi sezinkathazo. Kodwa lonke elaseJalimane alizange liyeke ukwenza ubhiya ngokwabo. I-"Völkerrecht" yokuqala "(imithetho yamalungelo abantu) yayibandakanya ukuthi ubunikazi obungakanani obunikezwa kubaphathi (njengentela noma inkokhelo), kodwa hhayi ukuthi bangakanani abantu ababengayiphuza - bavunyelwe ukukhiqiza okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngenxa yokuthi abazange bavunyelwe ukuba bangene ezindlini zabo ngenxa yengozi yomlilo, laba besifazane bazosebenzisa ibhikawoti evamile, lapho babe nezinsuku ezithile zokuphuza nokubhaka isinkwa. Ama-breweries ama-craft aqaliswa ngale ndlela, esebenzisa indawo efanayo, eyadonsela ukunakwa kwabahloniphekile abaqala ukukhokha intela.
Kwezinye izindawo, amadolobha akhipha intela. Lokhu kwaholela ezinhlanganweni zobhiya kanye ne "Grutrecht".
Amalungelo ama-Grut
Ngaphambi koMthetho we- Beer Pure waseJalimane , kwakunezimiso ezibizwa ngokuthi "Grutrechte," noma Amalungelo Okubambisana, okwanikeza ilungelo lokwenza ubhiya noma ukuthengisa izithelo ukwenza ubhiya. Yanikeza umnikazi wezinqumo ukuba abe yedwa endaweni ethile.
Lezi zimiso zanikezwa ngamadolobha, isonto noma ubuhle endaweni.
I-Grut (noma isithelo) iyinhlanganisela yamakhambi asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubhiya futhi yenza kube lula.
Ukubhaliwe kokuqala kwamalungelo agwetshiwe kwaba ngekhulu le-10 AD Amalungelo anikwa emindenini ephakeme, amasonto noma amadolobha wonke. Ngezinye izikhathi amadolobha azama ukuphoqelela ukuzithoba kwabo ngaphandle kwezindonga zomuzi, okuthiwa yi "Meilenrecht," noma amalungelo amamayela. Ilinganiselwa ngamamitha phakathi kwamakhilomitha ayisikhombisa neshumi nanye eNkathini Ephakathi.
I "Meilenrecht" yimbangela yokungavumelani okuningi phakathi kwamadolobha namazwe omhlaba. Babiza lezi "Bierstreite" noma "Bierkriege" - izimpi zobhiya.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hops kwakwenqatshelwe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwamalungelo ngenxa yokuthi yaphula ukwehlukana kwe-grut. Amahops abe yisithako esivunyelwe ngenxa yezimfanelo zayo eziphezulu ezihlanganisa ikhono layo ukugcina ubhiya fresh kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Ukugcinwa kokugcina okubhekiswe emahlathini kwakusuka eCologne naseDusseldorf (bheka izitayela zobhiya, iKölsch ne- Altbier ) enyakatho kusukela amalungelo okugaya enza abanye abantu abanamandla kakhulu abacebile kakhulu.
Ukuthuthukisa Imithetho Yobhiya
Ngekhulu le-12, umthetho wokuqala okhuluma ngekhwalithi yobhiya wabhalwa. "Wenn ein Bierschenker schlechtes Bier macht oder ungerechte Maß gibt, soll er gestraft werden." Uma umthengisi [umthengisi] enza ubhiya obubi noma uthengise izinyathelo ezingalungile, kufanele ajeziswe.
Idolobha lika-Weimar laloba ngo-1348 ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe i-malt kanye ne-hops kuphela ukuphuza ubhiya. Ngo-1393, ngenxa yendlala, umuzi waseNuremberg wawuvimbela noma yikuphi okusanhlamvu kodwa ibhali ebhiya, ngoba ibhali lalingenakwenziwa isinkwa. Ngo-1516, iReinheitsgebot yaseJalimane yasayinwa eBavaria.
Yeka ukuthi amaHops aqala kanjani ukusetshenziswa eBhiya
Ama-hoops ukulimala okukhulunywa ngawo okokuqala ngo-736 kumqulu ovela eGeenenfeld (eJalimane) futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo ubhiya kukhulunywa ngawo ngekhulu le-11, nakuba izimboni zezinto zakudala zibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kusukela emakhulwini ayisishiyagalolunye neshumi nambili.
Ngaphambi kokuba ubhiya, ama-hops asetshenziselwa imithi ukuzolalisa izinzwa noma njenge-laxative. Kwakusetshenziswa futhi njengombala. Amahlumela abancane entwasahlobo kanye nembewu evuthiwe ekwindla angadliwa. Amaphuphu aqukethe izidakamizwa ezimbi, ezingaba njenge-bactericide. U-Hildegard von Bingen wabhala lokhu ngalokhu ngo-1153, "i-seine Bitterkeit verhindert ifa ngoFäulnis," - ukufutheka kwayo kunciphise ukufakwa.
Kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuba izinhlanzi zibe yingxenye yokuhweba ukuphuza ngoba kwakudingeka ukuthi abiliswe ngamaminithi angama-90 ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlanganisela zabo, isikhathi eside lapho izinkuni zisetshenziselwa ukupheka. Ekugcineni, akekho owaziyo ukuthi i-hops yaba kanjani isithako esibalulekile ebhiya.
Amaphuphu angakhula emasimini futhi abe nezindleko eziphansi kunezinye izithako ezigayiwe, ezasiza ekusakazeni ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekutsheni. Isiboniso sokuqala sezinkukhu ezikhulayo ezithengiswayo zafika ngekhulu leshumi nambili noma lesishiyagalolunye eNyakatho Jalimane, ngenxa yokuphuza i-Hansa. Bathumela ubhiya kuFlanders naseHolland.