Ukuvinjelwa Kokudakwa Kwe-United States

Ukuvinjelwa kotshwala e-United States kwaqhubeka iminyaka engu-13 phakathi neminyaka yama-1920 kanye no-30. Ingenye yezikhathi ezidume kakhulu-noma ezidumile emlandweni wamanje waseMelika. Ngenkathi inhloso yukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kotshwala ngokuqeda amabhizinisi akhiqizwayo, asakaza futhi ayithengise, uhlelo lubuyele emuva.

Njengoba kucatshangwa yiziningi njengokuhluleka kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe, lesi sikhathi sashintsha indlela abantu baseMelika abaningi ababheka ngayo iziphuzo ezidakayo .

Kwaphinde kwaqinisa ukuqonda ukuthi ukulawulwa kukahulumeni wesifundazwe akunakwenzeka njalo ukuthatha isikhundla somuntu siqu.

Sihlobanisa inkathi yokuvimbela izigebengu, ama-bootleggers, ama-speakeasies, ama-rum-runners, nesimo esibucayi esiphezulu mayelana nokuxhumana nabantu baseMelika. Le nkathi yaqala ngo-1920 ngokutholwa komphakathi jikelele. Kwaphela ngo-1933 njengomphumela wokukhathazeka komphakathi nomthetho kanye nokunyuka okuqhubekayo kokucindezela.

Ukuvinjelwa kwamiswa ngaphansi kokuchitshiyelwa kwe-18 kuMthethosisekelo wase-US. Kuze kube yilolu suku, yilo kuphela ukuchitshiyelwa komthethosisekelo okumele kususwe omunye ngemuva kokuchitshiyelwa koMhlahlandlela wesi-21.

I-Temperance Movement

Ukunyakaza kwe-Temperance kwase kuyisikhathi eside kusebenza embonweni wezepolitiki waseMelika, ukukhuthaza ukugwema ukuphuza utshwala. Ukuhamba kuqala kwahlelwa ngo-1840 ngamabandla enkolo, ikakhulukazi amaMethodisti.

Lo mkhankaso wokuqala waqala uqinile futhi wenza inamba encane yenqubekela phambili kuwo wonke ama-1850 kodwa walahlekelwa amandla ngokushesha nje kwalokho.

Inhlangano "eyomile" yabona imvuselelo kuma-1880 ngenxa yomkhankaso wokwanda we-Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU, owasungulwa ngo-1874) kanye neProhibition Party (eyasungulwa ngo-1869).

Ngo-1893, i-Anti-Saloon League yasungulwa futhi lawa maqembu amathathu ashukumisayo ayengabagqugquzeli abakhulu ekugcineni kwesiguquko se-18 somthethosisekelo wase-US ongavimbela utshwala obuningi.

Esinye sezibalo ezivelele kusukela kule nkathi yokuqala kwakuyiCarrie Nation. Umsunguli wesahluko se-WCTU, isizwe sasiqhutshwa ukuvala imigodi eKansas. Owesifazane omude, owesifazane oshayayo wayeyaziwa ukuthi wayeyindlala, ngokuvamile ephonsa izitini ngaphakathi kwamagceke. Ngesinye isikhathi eTopeka, wayesebenzisa isigqoko, esingaba yisignesha sakhe. Isizwe ngeke sibone ukuvimbela yena njengoba efa ngo-1911.

I-Prohibition Party

Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Dry Party, i-Prohibition Party yakhiwa ngo-1869 kwabamhlophe bezombangazwe baseMelika abaye bavumela ukuvinjelwa kotshwala ezweni. Iqembu likholelwa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa akukwazanga ukufezwa noma kugcinwa ngaphansi kobuholi bamaqembu eDemocratic Republic noma eRiphablikhi.

Abaqashi abomile bagijimela amahhovisi asendaweni, emazweni nakwazwelonke futhi ithonya lenkampani lafinyelela ngo-1884. Ngo-1888 no-1892 ukhetho likamongameli, i-Prohibition Party yabamba amaphesenti amabili evoti ethandwayo.

I-Anti-Saloon League

I-Anti-Saloon League yakhiwa ngo-1893 e-Oberlin, e-Ohio.

Kwaqala njengenhlangano yombuso eyayivumela ukuvinjelwa. Ngomnyaka we-1895 bekube ithonya elinamandla e-United States.

Njengenhlangano engeyona inhlangano ebambisana nabanqamuli ezweni lonke, i-Anti-Saloon League yamemezela umkhankaso wokwenqabela utshwala ezweni lonke. Leli phiko lisetshenziselwa ukungathandi abantu abahloniphekile namaqembu ahloniphekile afana ne-WCTU ukushisa umlilo ngokuvimbela.

Ngo-1916, inhlangano yaba nendima ekukhetheni abasekeli ezindlini zombili zeCongress. Lokhu kuzobanika iningi lezintathu ezimbili ezidingekayo ukuze kudlule ukuthi yini ezoba ngu-18th Ukuchitshiyelwa.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwendawo Kuqala

Ngemuva kokuphenduka kwekhulu leminyaka, izifunda kanye nezifunda kulo lonke elase-US zaqala ukudlulisa imithetho yokuvimbela utshwala wendawo. Iningi lala mithetho yokuqala yahlala eNingizimu yasemaphandleni futhi ibangelwa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuziphatha kwalabo abaphuza kanye nesiko labantu abathile abakhulayo ezweni, ikakhulukazi abafuduki baseYurophu.

Impi Yezwe I yabe ishisa umlilo womlilo omile. Le nkolelo yasakazeka ukuthi izimboni zokuphuza neziphuzo zazihlukanisa okusanhlamvu okuyigugu, ama-molasses, kanye nokusebenza kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwempi. Ubhiya uthathe inqwaba enkulu ngenxa yemicabango yokulwa noJalimane. Amagama afana noPabst, uSchlitz, noBlatz bakhumbuza abantu besitha seMelika besitha besilwandle.

Ama-Saloons amaningi kakhulu

Isimboni sezokwelapha ngokwazo sasizenzele ukushona kwayo futhi sithuthukise umlilo wezinqatshelwe. Ngokushesha ngaphambi kwekhulu lekhulu leminyaka, imboni yezokwela yabona ibhoom. Ubuchwepheshe obusha busize ukusabalalisa okwandisiwe futhi banikeze ubhiya obubandayo ngeqhwa elihlelekile. I-Pabst, i-Anheuser-Busch, nabanye abaphangi bafuna ukwandisa imakethe yabo ngokufaka imali emzimbeni wase-American cityscape.

Ukuthengisa ubhiya ne- whiskey ngilazi, ngokuphambene nebhodlela, inzuzo eyanda. Lezi zinkampani zibambe lo mqondo ngokuqala ama-saloons kanye nokukhokhela abakwa-saloonkeepers kwisitoko kuphela ubhiya babo. Babuye bajezisa abagcini bokungabambisani ngokuthi banikeze abahamba phambili abahamba phambili ngokusungulwa kwabo ngokwabo. Yiqiniso, bebengathengisa brand brand.

Le ndlela yokucabanga yayingenakulawula ukuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa kwakune-saloon eyodwa kubantu abangu-150 kuya ku-200 (kubandakanya abangewona abaphuzayo). Lezi zikhungo "ezingenakuhlonipha" zazivame ukungcola futhi ukuncintisana kwamakhasimende kwakhula. Abakwa-Saloonkeepers bazama ukuheha abanikazi, ikakhulukazi abasha, ngokudla ukudla okukhululekile, ukugembula, ukubheja, ukudayisa ubufebe nezinye izinto "zokuziphatha okubi" nezinsizakalo ezindaweni zabo.

Ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-18 kanye noMthetho we-Volstead

Ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-18 kuMthethosisekelo wase-US wamukelwa yizifunda ezingu-36 ngoJanuwari 16, 1919. Kwaqala ukusebenza ngonyaka owodwa kamuva, kuqale isikhathi sokuvimbela.

Isigaba sokuqala sokuchitshiyelwa sifunda kanje: "Ngemuva konyaka owodwa kusukela ekuqinisekiseni kwalesi sihloko ukukhiqizwa, ukudayiswa, noma ukuthutha utshwala obudakayo ngaphakathi, ukungeniswa kwalo, noma ukuthunyelwa kwawo e-United States nakuzo zonke izindawo ezilawulwa yigunya okwenzelwe ukuphuza izinhlanzi ngalokhu kuvunyelwe ".

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-18 kuthathele amalayisensi ebhizinisi kuzo zonke iziphuzo, i-distiller, i-vintner, umthengisi, nomthengisi weziphuzo ezidakayo kuleli zwe. Kwakuwumzamo wokuguqula ingxenye "enganaki" yabantu.

Izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze, uMthetho we-Volstead-owaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaZwelonke Wokuvimbela Umthetho ka-1919-wadluliselwa. Lanikeza amandla "uKhomishinari weZingeniso zangaphakathi, abasizi bakhe, ama-agent, nabahloli" ukuphoqelela ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-18.

Nakuba kwakungemthetho ukukhiqiza noma ukusabalalisa "ubhiya, iwayini, noma ezinye izidakamizwa ezidakayo noma izidakamizwa zewayini", kwakungekho mthethweni ukuwusebenzisa ukuze uzisebenzise. Leli lungiselelo lavumela abaseMelika ukuthi babe nokuphuza emakhaya abo futhi bahlanganyele nomndeni kanye nezivakashi uma nje zihlala ngaphakathi futhi zingasatshalaliswa, zithengiswa noma zinikezwe noma ubani ngaphandle kwendlu.

Ukwelashwa ngokweMithi kanye neSigamente

Enye ilungiselelo elithakazelisayo loMthetho wokuvimbela ukuthi utshwala beyatholakala ngokusebenzisa imithi kadokotela. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, utshwala besetshenziselwe izinhloso zokwelapha. Eqinisweni, amaningi ama-liqueurs esiwaziyo namuhla aqale athuthukiswa njengezokwelapha ngezifo ezehlukene.

Ngo-1916, i- whiskey ne- brandy basuswa ku- "The Pharmacopeia yase-United States of America." Ngonyaka olandelayo, i-American Medical Association yathi utshwala "olusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa njenge-toniki noma elikhuthazayo noma lokudla alikho inani lezesayensi" futhi livotelwe ekusekeleni Ukuvimbela.

Naphezu kwalokhu, inkolelo eshiwo ukuthi utshwala lungaphulukisa futhi kuvimbele ukugula okuhlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa, odokotela babesakwazi ukunikeza izidakamizwa izidakamizwa efomini elenziwe ngokukhethekile elihlelwe nguhulumeni elingagcwaliswa nanoma yiliphi ikhemisi. Lapho ama-whisky amasheya eselashwa ephansi, uhulumeni uzokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwawo.

Njengoba omunye angalindela, inani lemigomo yokuphuza utshwala likhuphukile. Inani elikhulu lempahla ekhonjiwe laphinde lahlukaniswa ezindaweni ezihlosiwe yibootleggers nabantu abakhohlakeleyo.

Amasonto nabafundisi babe nelungiselelo. Kwabavumela ukuba bathole iwayini le-sakramente futhi lokhu kwaholela ekukhokheni. Kukhona ama-akhawunti amaningi abantu abaziqinisekisile njengabafundisi kanye no-rabbi ukuze bathole futhi basakaza iwayini elikhulu le-sacramental.

Inhloso Yokuvimbela

Ngokushesha emva kokuchitshiyelwa kwe-18 kuqale ukusebenza kwaba nokunciphisa okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kotshwala. Lokhu kwenza abameli abaningi banethemba lokuthi "Ukuhlolwa Okumangalisayo" kuyoba yimpumelelo.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1920, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwaba ngamaphesenti angama-30 aphansi kunalokho ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa. Njengoba le minyaka eyishumi iqhubeka, izimpahla ezingekho emthethweni zanda futhi isizukulwane esisha saqala ukungayinaki umthetho futhi sinqabe isimo sengqondo sokuzidela. Abanye baseMelika baphinde banquma ukuzithoba.

Ngomqondo othile, ukuvinjelwa kwaba yimpumelelo uma kwenzeka kuphela ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka ngemuva kokuphinda ngaphambi kokuba amanani okusetshenziswa afinyelele oku-pre-Prohibition.

Abagqugquzeli bokuvimbela babecabanga ukuthi uma amalayisense okuphuza aphulwa, izinhlangano zokuguqula kanye namasonto zingase zenze umphakathi waseMelika ungaphuzi. Bakholelwa nokuthi "abathengisi bokuphuza utshwala" ngeke baphikisana nomthetho omusha kanye nama-saloons azoshabalalisa ngokushesha.

Kwakukhona izikole ezimbili zokucabangisisa phakathi kwabaqashi. Iqembu elilodwa lithemba ukwakha imikhankaso yemfundo futhi bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 iMelika yayizoba isizwe esingenasiphuzo. Noma kunjalo, abazange bathole ukusekelwa ababekufunayo.

Leli qembu lifuna ukubona ukuphoqeleka okunamandla okwakuyokhipha yonke into yokuphuza utshwala. Leli qembu liye ladumazeka njengoba umthetho ungatholakali ukusekelwa abawudingayo kuhulumeni ukuze kusetshenziswe umkhankaso wokwenza umsebenzi.

Kwakuyinto yokucindezeleka, emva kwakho konke, futhi imali ayikho nje. Ngama-agent angu-1,500 kuphela emhlabeni wonke, abakwazanga ukuncintisana namashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abafuna ukuphuza noma abafuna ukuzuza kwabanye ukuphuza.

Ukuvukela Ukuvimbela

Ukuqalwa kwamazwe aseMelika ukuthola lokho abakufunayo kubonakala ekusebenziseni ukusetshenziselwa utshwala ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa. Le nkathi yabona ukuphakama kwe-speakeasy, i-distiller yasekhaya, i-bootlegger, i-rum-runner, neziningi zezinkolelo ze-gangster ezihambisana nayo.

Ukuvuka kweMononshine

Abaningi baseMelika basezindaweni zasemakhaya baqala ukwenza iziqu zabo, "eduze kwebhiya," ne- whiskey yengqolowa . Ama-Stills aphuma ezweni lonke futhi abantu abaningi baphila ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka ngokunikeza omakhelwane ngezinyanga.

Izintaba zamazwe ase-Appalachian zidume ngamasonners. Nakuba kwakungcono ukuphuza, imimoya ephuma kulawo mazinyo yayivame ukuqina kunanoma yini engathengwa ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa.

Ngokuvamile i-moon yayisetshenziselwa ukushayela izimoto namaloli athatha utshwala obungekho emthethweni ekuphasheni amaphuzu. Amaphoyisa axoshwa kulezi zithuthi ziye zaziwa ngokufanayo (umsuka we-NASCAR). Ngama-distillers amateur kanye nabaphangi abazama ukuzandla zabo emakethe, kukhona ama-akhawunti amaningi wezinto ezihamba kahle: kusasa kuqhuma, ukushayela ubhiya obusha, nokushisa utshwala.

Izinsuku Zama-Rumrunners

I-Rum-running nayo yabona imvuselelo futhi yaba yinto evamile yokuhweba eSoquin yase-US eyayishushumbiswa ngamakilasi esiteshini, amaloli, kanye nezikebhe ezivela eMexico, eYurophu, eCanada naseCaribbean.

Igama elithi "The Real McCoy" laphuma kule nkathi. Kuthiwa kuCaptain William S. McCoy owasiza ingxenye enkulu ye-rum-ephuma emikhumbi ngesikhathi sokuvimbela. Akasoze anciphisa izinto ezingeniswe ngaphakathi, okwenza kube "into" yangempela.

UMcCoy, ongewona isiphuzo ngokwakhe, waqala ukugijima iRamu esuka eCaribbean kuya eFlorida ngemva nje kokuba uMthetho Wokuvimbela Umthetho uqale. Omunye ohlangene ne-Coast Guard ngemuva nje kwalokho wamisa uMcCoy ekuqedeni ukugijima kwakhe. UMcCoy omusha wamisa inethiwekhi yemikhumbi encane eyayizohlangana nesikebhe sakhe ngaphandle kwamanzi ase-US futhi ithwale impahla yakhe ezweni.

Thenga "Ama-Rumrunners: I-Schibbook ye-Prohibition" e-Amazon

Shh! Kuyinto Speakeasy

Ama-speakeasies ayengaphansi kwemigoqo engaphansi komhlaba eyayikhonze abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ngokuphuza. Zivame ukufaka phakathi ukutholakala kokudla, amabhodi aphilayo, nemibukiso. Igama elithi speakeasy kuthiwa liqale eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa. Abathengi bazokutshela abathintekayo ukuba "bakhulume kalula" lapho beyala ukuze bangakhulumi.

Ama-Speakeasies ayevame ukufaka izikhungo ezingaqondakali noma ayephethwe noma ngaphansi kwamabhizinisi angokomthetho. Ukhohlakala lwaluvame kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi futhi ukuhlasela kwakuvamile. Abanikazi babezofumbathisa amaphoyisa ukuba banganaki ibhizinisi labo noma banikeze isaziso lapho kuhlaselwa khona.

Ngenkathi i-"speakeasy" ivame ukuxhaswa ngezobugebengu obuhlelekile futhi ingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi iphakanyisiwe, "ingulube eyimpumputhe" yayidonsela isiphuzo esingathandwa kakhulu.

I-Mob, Gangsters, nobugebengu

Mhlawumbe omunye wemibono ethandwa kakhulu yaleso sikhathi ukuthi isixuku sasiphethe ukulawula ukudayisa utshwala obungekho emthethweni. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu akuyiqiniso. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezigxilwe kuzo, izigameko zaqhuba i-racket ephethe utshwala futhi iChicago yayingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu.

Ekuqaleni kweNqatshelwe, "i-Outfit" ihlelwe yonke imikhakha yamaqembu e-Chicago. Bahlukanisa idolobha namadlelo ezindaweni ezizolawulwa yizinhluzane ezihlukahlukene. Ngamunye uzobhekana nokuthengiswa kotshwala ngaphakathi kwesifunda sabo.

Ukuphuza okungekho emhlabathini kanye nama-distilleries kwakufihliwe kulo lonke idolobha. Ubhiya bungenziwa kalula futhi buhanjiswe ukuze kuhlangabezane nokufuneka kwedolobha. Ngenxa yokuthi izidakamizwa eziningi zidinga ukuguga , ama-stills e-Chicago Heights nase-Taylor naseDaily Streets akakwazanga ukukhiqiza ngokushesha ngakho iningi lemimoya yayishushumbiswa eCanada. Umsebenzi wokusabalalisa waseChicago washeshe wafika eMilwaukee, Kentucky nase-Iowa.

I-Outfit ingathengisa utshwala emaqenjini aphansi ngamanani ajwayelekile. Ngisho noma lezi zivumelwano zazihloswe ukuba zibekwe etsheni, inkohlakalo yayisakazeke. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuxazulula izingxabano ezinkantolo, bavame ukusebenzisa ubudlova ngokuphindisela. Ngemuva kokuba i-Al Capone ithathe ukulawula ukuPhatheka ngo-1925, enye yezimpi zamaqembu ezidakamizwa ezikhukhulayo emlandweni yavela.

Nakuba ukuvimbela ekuqaleni kwakuhloswe ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwebhiya ngokukhethekile, kwaphela kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kotshwala obunzima. Ukuphinda kudinga isikhala esiningi kokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa kunoketshezi, okwenza kube nzima ukufihla. Lokhu kuphakama ekusetshenzisweni komoya okudliwayo kwesikhathi kudlale ingxenye enkulu emkhosini we- martini nesiphuzo esixutshweyo esibajwayele kanye "nemfashini" esizihlanganisa nale nkathi.

Kungani Ukuvinjelwa Kwatholakala?

Iqiniso, naphezu kwenkulumo-mpikiswano ye-prohibitionist, yilokho Ukuvimbela kwakungakaze kudume ngempela nomphakathi waseMelika. Abantu baseMelika bathanda ukuphuza futhi bekukhona nokukhuphuka kwenani labesifazane abaphuza ngalesi sikhathi. Lokhu kwasiza ukuguqula umbono jikelele ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba "ukuhlonishwa" (i-term prohibitionists yegama ngokuvamile evame ukubhekisela kubangewona abaphuzayo).

Ukuvinjelwa kwakuyinkimbinkimbi yokubamba ngokulandela umthetho. Kwakungakaze kube khona iziphathimandla zomthetho ezanele ukulawula yonke imisebenzi engekho emthethweni kanti izikhulu eziningi zazingcolisa.

Ukuphinda Ekugcineni!

Enye yezenzo zokuqala ezithathwe yi-Roosevelt ukuphathwa kwaba ukugqugquzela izinguquko (futhi ngokuphinda kwasuswa) ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-18. Kwakuyizinyathelo ezimbili-izinyathelo; owokuqala wawungumthetho weBra Revenue Act. Leli bhisi elisemthethweni newayini elinokuphuza utshwala kuze kufike ku-3.2 amaphesenti utshwala nomthamo ngo-Ephreli ka-1933.

Isinyathelo sesibili kwakudlula ukuchitshiyelwa kuka 21 kuMthethosisekelo. Ngamagama athi "Isihloko seshumi nesishiyagalombili sokuchitshiyelwa koMthethosisekelo wase-United States ngalokhu sichithwa", abaseMelika bangaphinda baphuze ngokusemthethweni.

Ngo-Disemba 5, 1933, ukuvinjelwa kukazwelonke kwaphela. Lolu suku luyaqhubeka lugujwa namuhla nabaningi baseMelika bekhululekile inkululeko yabo yokuphuza ngosuku lokuphinda.

Imithetho emisha yashiya indaba yokuvimbela ohulumeni bakahulumeni. I-Mississippi kwakuyisimo sokugcina sokuyiqeda ngo-1966. Zonke lezi zizwe zinikeze isinqumo sokuvimbela utshwala noma hhayi komasipala basendaweni.

Namuhla, izifunda nezindawo eziningi kuleli zwe zihlala zomile. I-Alabama, i-Arkansas, iFlorida, iKansas, iKentucky, Mississippi, eTexas, neVirginia inezinombolo eziningi ezomile. Kwezinye izindawo, kungekho emthethweni ukuthutha utshwala ngokusebenzisa amandla.

Njengengxenye yokuqedwa koMthethonqubo, uhulumeni wesifundazwe wanyula izimiso eziningi zokulawula embonini yotshwala esasebenza.