Ukudliwa kokudla kubangelwa izinto ezincane ezingabonakali ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-bacterium. Ama-bacteria ayindawo yonke indawo esiya kuyo, futhi iningi lawo alisilimazi. Empeleni, ezinye zazo zinhle kithi.
Yini Ibhaktheriya Efana Nayo?
Njengoba iziphilayo eziphilayo zihamba, ama-bacteria ahle kakhulu. Okokuqala, abakwazi ukuhambisa. Isikhathi sokuphela lapho bahamba khona noma nini lapho umuntu ebahambisa. (Bheka: Kuyini ukuguqulwa kwesiphambano? ) Ngaphandle kwalokho, bahlala lapho bekhona.
Uma benenhlanhla, badla, futhi uma benenhlanhla ngempela , baqala ukuzala.
Benza lokhu ngokuhlukanisa ngamabili. Futhi-ke ngamunye wabo uhlukaniswa, nokunye njalo njalo njalo. Abanye bayakwazi ukwenza lokhu kabili noma kathathu ngehora.
Ngeshwa, uma lokhu kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, ukudla kwethu kubika kakhulu, ngoba yilokho abahlala khona - ukudla kwethu. Ukudla ikakhulukazi okuphezulu kwamaprotheni, njengezilwane, izinkukhu, izinhlanzi, amaqanda nemikhiqizo yobisi.
Ukuze uqiniseke, ezinye zazo zizohamba ukudla okuphansi kwamaprotheni njengezithelo nemifino, kodwa lezo zihamba kancane. Yingakho i-apula eshiywe ekhishini lakho ezinsukwini ezimbalwa izobe iphephile ukudla, ngenkathi i-steak ngokucacile ingenakukwazi.
Ukudla okuputshiwe Vs. Ukudla okunobungozi
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudla okuphazamisayo akuyona ukudla okuyingozi. Okokuqala, iningi labantu ngeke lidle ukudla elimnandi, libukeka lincane noma kunoma yini.
Futhi awukwazi ukuthola ukudla okunobuthi kusuka into ongazange uyidle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-microorganisms abangela ukudla okujwayelekile okuphazamiseka akusilimazi kithi. Eqinisweni, emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kwamafriji, ama-sauces okuqala kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwakusetshenziselwa ukugcoba ukunambitheka nokuphunga kokudla okwaqala ukulimaza.
Lokhu kuqhubeka kube yiqiniso kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba lapho abantu bengenawo ama-unit units esiqandisini (okuyinto, ngokuthakazelisayo, ehlanganisa abantu abaningi abaphila emhlabeni namuhla).
Amabhaktheriya esiwakhathazayo kusukela ekuboneni kokuphepha kokudla yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amagciwane" okubangela ukudla kwesifo somuthi . Futhi lezi zinambuzane, njenge- salmonella noma i- E. coli , azikhiqizi iphunga, ukuthanda izinto noma ukushintsha ekubukeni kokudla - indawo elula, ngokwesibonelo, noma uhlobo oluthile lokudumbuza.
Ukuphathwa kweMicrobe
Ngakho silawula kanjani lezi zinsipho? Enye indlela kungaba ukulamba. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, amabhaktheriya adinga ukudla ukuze aphile. Lahla ukudla, futhi inkinga yakho yebhaktheriya iyanyamalala. Ngeshwa, kodwa, ngaphandle kokudla, insimu yobuciko bezobuciko ayincane kakhulu yokunikela.
Ngakho sizocabanga ukuthi ukudla kuyingxenye ye-equation. Ama-bacterium ayenamanye amaningana, okucacile, okudingekayo, okunye okungalawulwa ngezinga elithile. Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha zazo, eqinisweni . Kanye nokudla, sizophinde sicabange ukuthi kukhona oksijini. Ngaphandle kokuba uyingcweti yobuciko bokudla , ulungiselela into efana ne- duck confit , i-oxygen ihamba nensimu.
Lokhu kushiya ezinye izinto ezine esingakwazi ukuzilawula:
- Ukushisa
- Isikhathi
- Umswakama
- I-pH Level (Acidity)
Ukuphathwa kokushisa
Kukhona isisho ku-serviceervice: "Gcina ukudla okubandayo kubanda, futhi ugcine ukudla okushisayo kushisa."
Ukugcina ukudla okubandayo kubanda kusho ukuwagcina emazingeni okushisa ephakathi kwama-40 ° F, okuyilapho isiqandisini esivamile sifinyelela khona, sifinyelele ku-0 ° F, lapho ufuna khona ihrifri yakho. Ama-bacteria aphindayo ngokushisa okushisa, akwenza kancane kancane kancane.
Emazingeni okushisa amaqanda, ukukhula kwebhaktheriya kunciphisa cishe.
Ukuqhwaza akuzibulali, nakuba-konke okwenza kubangele kubanda. Uma usuqede lokho kudla, qaphela! Noma yikuphi amabhaktheriya ayekhona ngaphambi kokuqhwaza azofudumala futhi aqale ukuphindaphinda futhi - ngokuphindiselela.
Indawo Yokudla Kwengozi Yokudla
Uyabona, ama-bacteria ayahluma phakathi kuka-41 ° F no-140 ° F, ububanzi bamazinga okushisa owaziwa ngokuthi yi- Temperature Danger Zone . Mhlawumbe akumangalisi ukuthi kuyindlela efanayo yokushisa abantu abaye bahlala kuyo.
Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa ukushisa kwemvelo yethu ye-98.6 ° F kulungile phakathi nendawo yengozi, akuyona into ehlekisayo. Amabhaktheriya akakwazi ukulinda ukuze angene ngaphakathi kithi. Uma besenza emathunjini ethu, kufana ne-bacterium Mardi Gras.
Ukuze unciphise le ngozi, ukudla okuphakade akufanele kuvunyelwe ukuchitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora ku-Zone Yokudla Kwengozi Yokudla - ngokwezikhathi. Okude kunalokho futhi kufanele kuphekwe noma kuphonswe kude.
Nansi itafula elibonisa amazinga okushisa okuyi-Zone Danger Zone.
Ukugcina Ukudla Okushisayo Okushisayo
Ukugcina ukudla okushisayo kushisa izipho ezinye izinselele. Ukukhula kwamabhaktheriya kwehla futhi emazingeni okushisa okushisa kunama-140 ° F, ukudla okushisayo okukhishwa ku-buffet, isibonelo, kufanele kugcinwe kushisa ngaphezu kwalokho ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Khumbula ukuthi i-140 ° F ayibulali amabhaktheriya - iwavimbela ukuba bangene.
Uma empeleni ufuna ukubulala amabhaktheriya, kufanele uwashise okungenani u-165 ° F. Umthetho ofanayo usebenza ekudleni okuphekiwe okumelwe kwenzeke ukuwela ngaphansi kwe-140 ° F - uthola ihora, inani. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuzomele udlulise ku-165 ° F noma uyilahle. Futhi endleleni, ungakwazi ukuyivuselela kanye kuphela. Uma ihlehla ngaphansi kwe-140 ° F okwesibili, udinga ukuyiphonsa.
Isikhathi: Asilindeli!
Isikhathi sisebenza ngokuhambisana namazinga okushisa ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwama-bacterium. Ake sithi uthenge iphakheji lezinkukhu ezingelapheki. Mhlawumbe kungaphakathi kwenqola yakho yokuthenga imizuzu engu-15 ngenkathi uthenga, khona-ke kusemotweni yakho eminye imizuzu engu-15 ngenkathi ushayela ekhaya. Ngakho-ke ngaphambi kokuba uthole leyo nkukhu ekhaya, amabhaktheriya abe nemizuzu engu-30 ephelele yokugijima.
Ngemuva kwalokho bangase basebenzise amanye amaminithi angu-15 ku-counter yakho ngenkathi ubalungisa, beletha inani eliphelele lokufika kumaminithi angu-45 kakade. Njengoba ubona, awunayo igumbi elikhulu.
Umswakama
Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, amabhaktheriya adinga amanzi ukuze asinde. Ukudla okunomsoco onjengezinkukhu, izinkukhu, izidlo zasolwandle kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi, kanye nezithelo nemifino, yizona zindawo ezizalela kakhulu amabhaktheriya ayingozi. Ukudla okuphansi-umswakama, kubandakanya okusanhlamvu okomisiwe kanye nemifino efana nelayisi noma ubhontshisi, ngokuvamile kuzohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu ngaphandle kokulimaza noma ukugcina amabhaktheriya.
Esinye isici somswakama ukuthi ngokusebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-osmosis, ushukela nosawoti empeleni kudla umswakama ngamabhaktheriya, ngokuwabulala ngokuphumelelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, usawoti ophezulu kanye / noma ushukela uzovame ukulondoloza ukudla-yingakho usawoti kanye noshukela kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokuphulukisa ukudla.
i-pH level (Acidity)
i-pH iyindlela yokuthi i-acidic isiphi into, futhi ihamba ngesilinganiso se-0 kuya ku-14. Noma yini engaphansi kuka-7 ibhekwe njenge-asidi futhi noma yini ephakeme kune-7 ibhekwa njengesisekelo noma i-alkaline. Inani le-7 lingabhekwa njengengathathi hlangothi. Amanzi avamile, isibonelo, aneph of 7.
Njengoba kuvela, amabhaktheriya akakwazi ukumelana nanoma yini enye i-acidic noma i- alkaline kakhulu. Ukuze amabhaktheriya aphumelele, imvelo ye-pH ayidingi ukuba ingathathi hlangothi.
Cabanga ukuthi yikuphi ukudla okuwela kuleso sigaba? I-Yep - imikhiqizo esekelwe ezilwaneni njengezilwane zasolwandle, inyama, izinkukhu, amaqanda kanye nobisi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, iningi lemifino kanye ne-pasta kune-pH ephezulu kakhulu uma ingasetshenzisiwe, kepha ingathathi hlangothi - ngakho-ke, eyingozi kakhulu - uma iphekwe. Ukudla okune-acidic efana ne-citrus, utamatisi, ama-apula, uviniga, amajikijolo njalonjalo, ayithandeki amabhaktheriya avela kumqondo we-pH. Bazokhula, kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu.
(Yingakho akudingeki ugcine i-ketchup efrijini . Awuwenzi lokho, akunjalo?)
Iziphetho
Kungase kubonakale sengathi kunezindlela eziningi zokulawula ukukhula kwama-bacterium ekudleni kwethu - futhi ngokweqiniso, kuyiqiniso. Kodwa asikwazi ukulawula isikhathi. Iqhubeka igxila ngaphandle kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini.
Futhi ngenkathi singashintsha izinga lokuswakama kanye ne-acidity yokudla, ukuthembela kuleyo ndlela kuphela kungasho ukudla izinkukhu eziningi kakhulu ezinamaqanda namaqanda aqoshiwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinga lokushisa ngempela liyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukusakazeka kokugula okuphethwe ukudla.
Nansi itafula elibonisa amazinga okushisa okuyi-Zone Danger Zone .